In most species, fertilisation occurs in the mantle cavity. They can use navigation skills to return to a den without having to retrace their outward route.
[102], Octopuses can create distracting patterns with waves of dark coloration across the body, a display known as the "passing cloud".
[128][129], Ancient seafaring people were aware of the octopus, as evidenced by certain artworks and designs. [124][125][126] The vampire squid (Vampyroteuthis) also lacks tentacles but has sensory filaments. Before it leaves the funnel, the ink passes through glands which mix it with mucus, creating a thick, dark blob which allows the animal to escape from a predator. [105] The Atlantic white-spotted octopus (Callistoctopus macropus) turns bright brownish red with oval white spots all over in a high contrast display.
Fleshy papillae or cirri are found along the bottom of the arms, and the eyes are more developed. No antidote is known, but if breathing can be kept going artificially, patients recover within 24 hours.
The beak, the hardest part of the octopus, is made of the same chitonous material as human fingernails. [84], Cirrate octopuses cannot produce jet propulsion and rely on their fins for swimming. The larger Pacific striped octopus is an exception, as it can reproduce multiple times over a life of around two years. Octopus is an animal that is deaf. They can also crawl by bending the arms at different angles.
They can extend and contract, twist to left or right, bend at any place in any direction or be held rigid. Many people are dumbfounded to see an Octopus fit into spaces that seem way too small for their bodies.
[152] Methods to capture octopuses include pots, traps, trawls, snares, drift fishing, spearing, hooking and hand collection. They have a very hard beak on the mouth which you have to look very carefully at the head to find due to the fact that it blends in so well.
Jetting is used to escape from danger, but is physiologically inefficient, requiring a mantle pressure so high as to stop the heart from beating, resulting in a progressive oxygen deficit. Such severed arms remain sensitive to stimuli and move away from unpleasant sensations.
[130] The terrifyingly powerful Gorgon of Greek mythology has been thought to have been inspired by the octopus or squid, the octopus itself representing the severed head of Medusa, the beak as the protruding tongue and fangs, and its tentacles as the snakes. [162], Octopuses offer many possibilities in biological research, including their ability to regenerate limbs, change the colour of their skin, behave intelligently with a distributed nervous system, and make use of 168 kinds of protocadherins (humans have 58), the proteins that guide the connections neurons make with each other. [59][60], When octopuses reproduce, the male uses a specialised arm called a hectocotylus to transfer spermatophores (packets of sperm) from the terminal organ of the reproductive tract (the cephalopod "penis") into the female's mantle cavity. It is not known precisely what contribution learning makes to adult octopus behaviour. [7] The alternative plural "octopi" is considered grammatically incorrect because it wrongly assumes that octopus is a Latin second declension "-us" noun or adjective when, in either Greek or Latin, it is a third declension noun.
"[159] Aristotle noted that the octopus had a hectocotyl arm and suggested it might be used in sexual reproduction. Ian Fleming's 1966 short story collection Octopussy and The Living Daylights, and the 1983 James Bond film were partly inspired by Hugo's book.
This claim was widely disbelieved until the 19th century. [23][22] The two rear appendages are generally used to walk on the sea floor, while the other six are used to forage for food; hence some biologists refer to the animals as having six "arms" and two "legs". A battle with an octopus appears in Victor Hugo's book Toilers of the Sea, inspiring other works such as Ian Fleming's Octopussy. Octopuses appear in mythology as sea monsters like the Kraken of Norway and the Akkorokamui of the Ainu, and probably the Gorgon of ancient Greece.
[166] In 2012, this legislation was extended to include all cephalopods[167] in accordance with a general EU directive.
[51] Other researchers hypothesise that cephalopod eyes in species which only have a single photoreceptor protein may use chromatic aberration to turn monochromatic vision into colour vision, though this sacrifices image quality. [35][36] The spoon-armed octopus (Bathypolypus arcticus) is found at depths of 1,000 m (3,300 ft), and Vulcanoctopus hydrothermalis lives near hydrothermal vents at 2,000 m (6,600 ft). Coleoids rely mostly on ADAR enzymes for RNA editing, which requires large double-stranded RNA structures to flank the editing sites.
They have neutral buoyancy and drift through the water with the fins extended. [22][28] The mouth of an octopus, located underneath the arms, has a sharp hard beak. [153][154] The arms and sometimes other body parts are prepared in various ways, often varying by species or geography. A gland attached to the sac produces the ink, and the sac stores it. As a result, the octopus does not possess stereognosis; that is, it does not form a mental image of the overall shape of the object it is handling. [39] The lamella structure of the gills allows for a high oxygen uptake, up to 65% in water at 20 °C (68 °F).
Most species grow quickly, mature early, and are short-lived. [72] No species are known to live in fresh water. Linnaeus included it in the first edition of his 1735 Systema Naturae. As it moves the eight arms move along behind it. When resting, around 41% of an octopus's oxygen absorption is through the skin.
The foot has evolved into a set of flexible, prehensile appendages, known as "arms", that surround the mouth and are attached to each other near their base by a webbed structure. Octopuses that are diurnal and live in shallow water have evolved more complex skin than their nocturnal and deep-sea counterparts. Captive animals have been found to be more susceptible to pathogens than wild ones. Once the shell is penetrated, the prey dies almost instantaneously, its muscles relax, and the soft tissues are easy for the octopus to remove. If you were to cut the body of an Octopus in half, it would be perfectly symmetrical on both sides.
The giant Pacific octopus, one of the two largest species of octopus, may live for as much as five years. Each sucker is usually circular and bowl-like and has two distinct parts: an outer shallow cavity called an infundibulum and a central hollow cavity called an acetabulum, both of which are thick muscles covered in a protective chitinous cuticle. Without this process, they would have a hard time getting their prey to be still. When it is resting after a meal, absorption through the skin can drop to 3% of its total oxygen uptake. We also share information about your use of our site with our social media, advertising and analytics partners who may combine it with other information that you’ve provided to them or that they’ve collected from your use of their services. The head of an Octopus is very large. [119] The incirrate octopuses (the majority of species) lack the cirri and paired swimming fins of the cirrates. [101] This colour-changing ability is also used to communicate with or warn other octopuses. [29], Most octopuses swim by expelling a jet of water from the mantle through the siphon into the sea. [61] The hectocotylus in benthic octopuses is usually the third right arm, which has a spoon-shaped depression and modified suckers near the tip.
Jet propulsion or backwards swimming, is their fastest means of locomotion, followed by swimming and crawling.
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