Despite the university president's liberal and sympathetic leanings and a recent Supreme Court decision requiring Missouri to admit a African American student to its state law school, UNC steadfastly rejected Murray's application. Yet one more first remained for Pauli Murray. Pauli Murray (1910-1985), a lifelong civil rights advocate, served as a lawyer, college professor, deputy attorney general, and ordained minister. In 1965, Murray co-authored (with Mary Eastwood) an article that appeared in the George Washington Law Review entitled "Jane Crow and the Law: Sex Discrimination and Title VII," which highlighted comparisons between laws that discriminated on the basis of race and those that discriminated on the basis of gender, arguing that the application of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 could be used to combat both forms of discrimination.
Born Anna Pauline Murray in Baltimore, she was raised by aunts and maternal grandparents. As a black, queer, feminist woman, Pauli Murray has been almost completely erased from the narrative. Murray was a Renaissance woman who deserved greater recognition in her own time. Murray died on July 1, 1985, of pancreatic cancer. In 1926, she graduated from Hillside High School before moving to New York City to attend Hunter College and work for the Works Projects Administration. Her efforts (combined with those of others) were successful: the bill was passed by both houses of Congress and became law that year.
Graduating at the head of her class in 1944, Murray was the recipient of a Rosenfeld Fellowship, an honor that was usually a ticket to graduate work at Harvard. It wasn’t only her gender and race that shaped her experience as a lawyer and civil rights activist in the early 20th century.
Murray attends Hunter College, a free city university, for two years, but inspired by a teacher, attempts to enroll at Columbia University. In the 1970s she left the academic world for theology school, and in 1977 Murray became the first African-American woman ordained by the Episcopal church. Following in her father's footsteps, Murray enrolled at Howard University's law school in 1941, becoming the only woman in her class. 4.1 out of 5 stars 2. Valedictorians were usually rewarded with a prestigious fellowship at Harvard University, but Murray was rejected because of her gender. Murray served on President’s Commission on the Status of Women Committee under John F. Kennedy from 1961 to 1963, and was among the founders of the National Organization of Women in 1966. From sit-ins to integrate Washington, DC, lunch counters in the 1940s, through her efforts as a founder of the National Organization for Women (NOW) in the early 1970s, Murray took challenges head-on, while generally avoiding the limelight. But by the 1950s, Murray was well established as a prominent civil rights attorney. Appearances in Periodicals by Jonathan Worth Daniels, Reference Material on Jonathan Worth Daniels, Appearances in Periodicals by Inglis Fletcher, Books, Plays, and Screenplays by Paul Green, Appearances in Periodicals by Bernice Kelly Harris, Reference Material on Bernice Kelly Harris, Appearances in Periodicals by William Sydney Porter (O. Henry), Books by William Sydney Porter (O. Henry), Reference Material on William Sydney Porter (O. Henry), Appearances in Periodicals by George Moses Horton, Reference Material on George Moses Horton, Appearances in Periodicals by Randall Jarrell, Appearances in Periodicals by Gerald Johnson. Racial distinctions, she argued, were arbitrary classifications that could not be used to determine legal rights. 95 $43.00 $43.00. This analogy to race was intended to make clear women’s subordinated status and to expose discrimination doubled by sex and race against black women. The NOW feminists were determined to push for ratification of the ERA, but Murray remained convinced that the Constitution already guaranteed women's rights. After finishing high school at the historically Black, Hillsdale High School in Durham, Murray moved to New York City to continue her education and improve her chances of getting into college. Pauli graduated in 1933 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English. According to a Wikipedia article, Murray drew on psychological and sociological evidence as well as an innovative legal argument for which she had been previously criticized by her Howard professors. As a state university, however, UNC did not admit African American students. The granddaughter of a slave and the great-grandaughter of a slave owner, she was the fourth of six children born to Agnes (Fitzgerald) and William Murray, a nurse and school teacher. Pauli’s mother, Agnes Fitzgerald Murray, died of a cerebral hemorrhage when she was four years old and, when her father was unable to care for the couple’s six children, Pauli moved to Durham, N.C. to live with her aunt, Pauline Fitzgerald Dame. "A Woman of Foresight, Pauli Murray," African American Registry, http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/630/A_woman_of_foresight_Pauli_Murray (February 3, 2003). A reliable academic resource for high school and college students. Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Murray was raised […] Rejected Because of Race and Sex – The road to higher education was a bumpy one for Pauli. Anna Pauline “Pauli” Murray (1910 – 1985) was a same gender loving African-American feminist, lawyer, civil rights activist, poet, and Episcopal priest who found herself at the crossroads of all of the important social movements of the late 20 th century. Look for murals celebrating Murray along exterior walls of businesses and schools in Durham, which were commissioned as a part of the Face Up: Telling Stories of Community Life public art project in 2009. During the Great Depression, Murray worked both with the Women's Auxiliary of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and with the Works Progress Administration (WPA). Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, “If one could characterize in a single phrase the contribution of Black women to America, I think it would be ‘survival with dignity against incredible odds’…” Murray’s legal scholarship laid the groundwork for Ruth Bader Ginsberg’s argument in Reed v. Reed, (finding that preference for males as estate administrators was unconstitutional, 1971) marked the first time that the Equal Protection Clause would be applied to a case of sex discrimination, prohibiting differential treatment based on sex. Pauli Murray (1910-1985), a lifelong civil rights advocate, served as a lawyer, college professor, deputy attorney general, and ordained minister. "Respect, Contempt, and Individuality," Nancy Huntting, http://www.nancyhuntting.net/PMurray-Sem1.html (February 3, 2003). "In my preoccupation with the brutalities of racism, I had failed until now to recognize the subtler, more ambiguous expressions of sexism," she recalled bitterly in her autobiography. A Feminist Saint – In 2012, the General Convention of the Episcopal Church voted to name Pauli Murray as one of its Holy Women, Holy Men: Celebrating the Saints.
In performing her first Holy Eucharist at the Chapel of the Cross in Chapel Hill, where her grandmother, a slave, had been baptized, Murray finally believed that “All the strands of my life had come together.”. This site created and maintained by the North Carolina Writers' Network. On Murray’s way home to Durham in 1940, she was arrested and imprisoned in Virginia for refusing to sit in the back of a bus, a full 15 years before Rosa Parks made history for the same act of protest. Declaration of Human Rights adopted in 1948 and later chair of the new Presidential Commission on the Status of Women in 1961. Murray’s mother died when Murray was just three years old; her father, committed to an asylum “for the Negro insane” for his symptoms of long-term typhoid fever, also died during Murray’s childhood, beaten to death by a guard. Pauli Murray had a distinguished and varied career as a civil rights lawyer, a professor, a college vice president, and deputy attorney general of California. The Pauli Murray Project, part of the Duke Human Rights Center in Durham, has embarked on a variety of community projects to teach visitors and residents about Murray’s achievements. Her fines were later paid by the Workers Defense League (WDL). The only woman in her class, she was valedictorian and awarded a prestigious Rosenwald fellowship for postgraduate study–only to be denied admission to her first choice, Harvard University, because of her gender. States’ Laws was an examination of and critique of state segregation laws throughout the country. Born November 20, 1910, in Baltimore, Maryland, Anna Pauline Murray was, as she noted in her autobiography Song in a Weary Throat, the result of "several generations of a generous intermixture of African, European, and Native American stocks." She was the first Black person to earn a JSD (Doctor of the Science of Law) degree from Yale Law School, a founder of the National Organization for Women and the first Black woman to be ordained an Episcopal priest. Dr. Pauli Murray, a Yale Law School alumna, which is scheduled to open in 2017. Murray added that "Black women, faced with these dual barriers, have often found that sex bias is more formidable than racial bias." Often the first African American woman to fill the positions she occupied, Murray worked tirelessly to destroy the legal and political obstacles created by racism and racial discrimination and fought at the same time against the Jane Crow stereotypes that limited the lives of women---especially African American women---in equally vicious ways. The Pauli Murray Center for History and Social Justice is… a nationally significant history site, anchored by Pauli Murray’s childhood home built by her grandparents in 1898 at 906 Carroll Street in Durham, North Carolina. At that time, however, Harvard did not admit women---and would not for nearly 20 more years. on Feb 16, 2017. Murray was the author of two autobiographies: Proud Shoes: The Story of an American Family (1956) and Song in a Weary Throat: An American Pilgrimage (1987), which received a Lillian Smith Book Award and a Robert F. Kennedy Book Award. In the African-American community, “standing on the shoulders of giants” is a phrase commonly used to refer to the social and racial progress made today by African-American leaders, only possible due to the groundwork and sacrifice of those before them. The project has also created an online exhibit detailing key events in Murray’s life, and in a hallmark achievement earlier this year, Murray’s childhood home (pictured above) was designated a National Historic Landmark and received a $238,000 federal grant to open to the public in 2020.
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